47 ud af 47 tidsskrifter valgt, søgeord (HIV, human immunodeficiency virus, AIDS) valgt, emner højest 30 dage gamle, sorteret efter nyeste først.
138 emner vises.
101
Forecasting the effect of HIV-targeted interventions on the age distribution of people living with HIV: a case study from Kenya
Schnure, Melissa C.; Kasaie, Parastu; Dowdy, David W.; Genberg, Becky L.; Kendall, Emily A.; Fojo, Anthony T.
AIDS, 7.04.2024
Tilføjet 7.04.2024
Objectives: Expansion of ART and increases to life expectancy have led to aging among people living with HIV (PWH). Design: Kenyan decisionmakers need accurate forecasts of the age distribution of PWH to inform future policies. Methods: We developed a model of HIV in Kenya, calibrated to historical estimates of HIV epidemiology. We forecasted changes in population size and age distribution of new HIV infections and PWH under the status quo and under scale-up of HIV services. Results: Without scale-up, new HIV infections were forecasted to fall from 34,000 [28,000–41,000] in 2025 to 29,000 [15,000–57,000] in 2040; the percent of new infections occurring among persons over 30 increased from 33% [20–50%] to 40% [24–62%]. The median age of PWH increased from 39 years [38–40] in 2025 to 43 years [39–46] in 2040, and the percent of PWH over age 50 increased from 26% [23–29%] to 34% [26–43%]. Under the full intervention scenario, new infections were forecasted to fall to 6,000 [3,000–12,000] in 2040. The percent of new infections occurring in people over age 30 increased to 52% [34–71%] in 2040, and there was an additional shift in the age structure of PWH (forecasted median age of 46 [43–48] and 40% [33–47%] over age 50). Conclusions: PWH in Kenya are forecasted to age over the next 15 years; improvements to the HIV care continuum are expected to contribute to the growing proportion of older PWH. Copyright © 2024 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.
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102
The cell biology of HIV-1 latency and rebound
Uri Mbonye and Jonathan Karn
Retrovirology, 7.04.2024
Tilføjet 7.04.2024
Transcriptionally latent forms of replication-competent proviruses, present primarily in a small subset of memory CD4+ T cells, pose the primary barrier to a cure for HIV-1 infection because they are the source o...
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103
Impact of COVID-19 on People Living with HIV: Data from Five Medical Monitoring Project Sites, 2020-2022
Erly, Steven; Menza, Tim W.; Granillo, Lauren; Navejas, Michael; Udeagu, Chi-Chi N.; MD, Kathleen Brady A.; Hixson, Lindsay K.; Raj-Sing, Shavvy; Nassau, Tanner; Kaasa, Chelsey; Buskin, Susan
Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 7.04.2024
Tilføjet 7.04.2024
Background: The COVID-19 pandemic disrupted global economic and healthcare systems. People living with HIV (PLWH) represent a marginalized and stigmatized population who may have been particularly impacted. The purpose of this analysis was to describe the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on PLWH in the United States. Setting: United States. Methods: We analyzed surveys of behavioral and clinical characteristics of PLWH residing in five states that participated in the Medical Monitoring Project between 2020 and 2022. We described the impact of COVID-19 illness, testing and diagnoses, receipt of medical care, social service access, employment, and preventive measures by project site and demographic characteristics. Results: Unweighted data from 1715 PLWH were analyzed. A high proportion of PLWH had medical care disrupted by the pandemic; 31% of PLWH missed medical appointments, 26% missed routine labs, and 7% missed antiretroviral therapy doses. 30% of PLWH reported losing wages and 19% reported difficulty in accessing social services. Overall, 88% reported receiving at least one dose of COVID-19 vaccine, but vaccine uptake was low among younger, Black and Hispanic or Latina/o/x PLWH. Conclusion: This descriptive analysis reinforces previous findings that show that COVID-19 negatively impacted PLWH and their ability to obtain medical care. Additional efforts will be critical to ameliorating the longer-term impacts of COVID-19 on the health of PLWH and supporting PLWH through future pandemics and healthcare system disruptions. Copyright © 2024 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.
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104
Behavioral economic incentives to support HIV care: Results from a randomized controlled trial in Uganda
Linnemayr, Sebastian; Wagner, Zachary; Saya, Uzaib Y.; Stecher, Chad; Lunkuse, Lillian; Wabukala, Peter; Odiit, Mary; Mukasa, Barbara
Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 7.04.2024
Tilføjet 7.04.2024
Background: This study tests behavioral economics incentives to improve adherence to antiretroviral treatment (ART), with one approach being low-cost. Setting: 329 adults at Mildmay Hospital in Kampala, Uganda on ART for at least two years and showing adherence problems received the intervention for about 15 months until the study was interrupted by a nation-wide COVID-19 lockdown. Methods: We randomized participants into one of three (1:1:1) groups: usual care (‘control’ group; n=109) or one of two intervention groups where eligibility for non-monetary prizes was based on: showing at least 90% electronically measured ART adherence (‘adherence-linked’ group, n=111); or keeping clinic appointments as scheduled (‘clinic-linked’; n=109). After 12 months, participants could win a larger prize for consistently high adherence or viral suppression. Primary outcomes were mean adherence and viral suppression. Analysis was by intention-to-treat using linear regression. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03494777. Results: Neither incentive arm increased adherence compared to the control; we estimate a 3.9 percentage point increase in ‘adherence-linked’ arm [95% CI -0.70 to 8.60 (p=0.10)], and 0.024 in the ‘clinic-linked’ arm [95% CI -0.02 to 0.07 (p=0.28)]. For the prespecified subgroup of those with initial low adherence, incentives increased adherence by 7.60 percentage points (95% CI 0.01, 0.15; p=0.04, ‘adherence-linked’) and 5.60 percentage points (95% CI -0.01, 0.12; p=0.10, ‘clinic-linked’). We find no effects on clinic attendance or viral suppression. Conclusions: Incentives did not improve viral suppression or ART adherence overall but worked for the pre-specified subgroup of those with initial low adherence. More effectively identifying those in need of adherence support will allow better targeting of this and other incentive interventions. Copyright © 2024 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.
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105
Identifying Implementation Determinants and Strategies for Long-Acting Injectable Cabotegravir-Rilpivirine in People with HIV Who Are Virally Unsuppressed
Hickey, Matthew D.; Grochowski, Janet; Mayorga-Munoz, Francis; Oskarsson, Jon; Imbert, Elizabeth; Spinelli, Matthew; Szumowski, John D.; Appa, Ayesha; Koester, Kimberly; Dauria, Emily F.; McNulty, Moira; Colasanti, Jonathan; Havlir, Diane V; Gandhi, Monica; Christopoulos, Katerina A.
Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 7.04.2024
Tilføjet 7.04.2024
Background: Early evidence suggests long-acting injectable cabotegravir and rilpivirine (LA-CAB/RPV) may be beneficial for people with HIV (PWH) who are unable to attain viral suppression (VS) on oral therapy. Limited guidance exists on implementation strategies for this population. Setting: Ward 86, a clinic serving publicly insured PWH in San Francisco Methods: We describe multi-level determinants of and strategies for LA-CAB/RPV implementation for PWH without VS, using the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research. To assess patient and provider-level determinants, we drew on pre-implementation qualitative data. To assess inner and outer context determinants, we undertook a structured mapping process. Results: Key patient-level determinants included perceived ability to adhere to injections despite oral adherence difficulties and care engagement challenges posed by unmet subsistence needs; strategies to address these determinants included a direct-to-inject approach, small financial incentives, and designated drop-in days. Provider-level determinants included lack of time to obtain LA-CAB/RPV, assess injection response, and follow-up late injections; strategies included centralizing eligibility review with the clinic pharmacist, a pharmacy technician to handle procurement and monitoring, regular multidisciplinary review of patients, and development of a clinic protocol. Ward 86 did not experience many outer context barriers due to rapid and unconstrained inclusion of LA-CAB/RPV on local formularies and ability of its affiliated hospital pharmacy to stock the medication. Conclusion: Multi-level strategies to support LA-CAB/RPV implementation for PWH without VS are required, which may necessitate additional resources in some settings to implement safely and effectively. Advocacy to eliminate outer-context barriers, including prior authorizations and specialty pharmacy restrictions, is needed. Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.
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106
The association of intraocular efavirenz concentrations and HIV-1 viral load among persons with HIV
Qian, Yiwen; Zhang, Pei; Wang, Luoziyi; Suo, Jinshan; Yin, Lin; Wang, Yuceng; zhang, Lijun; Wang, Zhiliang
Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 7.04.2024
Tilføjet 7.04.2024
Objective: Efavirenz (EFV) is commonly used in combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). However, in our previous study, many persons living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) exhibited ocular complications despite undergoing effective cART. Here, we aimed to determine the intraocular EFV concentrations in the vitreous and analyze the factors affecting viral load in the vitreous in patients with HIV-associated retinopathies. Design: Observational, retrospective study. Methods: Fourteen patients receiving EFV in combination with an antiretroviral therapy who underwent pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) were enrolled between January 2019 and August 2022. The patients were divided into two groups based on presence or absence of retinal detachment (RD). Patient characteristics and HIV-1 RNA levels in plasma and vitreous were recorded during PPV. Paired blood plasma and vitreous samples were obtained for EFV concentration analysis using using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC–MS/MS) . Results: The median age of the enrolled patients was 48 years (interquartile range [IQR], 32.25–53.25), including 12 men and 2 females. Median vitreous and plasma EFV concentrations were 141.5 (IQR, 69.63–323.75) and 2,620 ng/mL (1,680–4,207.5), respectively. Median ratio of vitreous/plasma EFV concentrations in the paired samples among all participants was 0.053 (0.018–0.118). Median vitreous/plasma EFV concentrations significantly differed between the non-RD and RD groups (0,04 vs 0.12, p = 0.042) . Conclusions The vitreous EFV concentrations were insufficient to inhibit viral replication in intraocular tissues, which may be due to poor penetration of the blood–retinal barrier. High vitreous EFV concentrations were associated with retinal detachment, indicating a correlation between the EFV concentration and the severity of blood–retinal barrier disruption. It implied that EFV was not a suitable antiviral drug to inhibit the HIV-1 replication in ocular tissues. Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.
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107
Psychiatry and Family Medicine Residents’ Likelihood of Prescribing HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) to Patients with Mental Illness and HIV Vulnerability
Bunting, Samuel R.; Feinstein, Brian A.; Vidyasagar, Nitin; Sheth, Neeral K.; Yu, Roger; Hazra, Aniruddha
Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 7.04.2024
Tilføjet 7.04.2024
Background: People living with mental illness (PLMI) experience disproportionately high incidence of and vulnerability to HIV. Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is an effective and safe HIV prevention method, but data regarding prescription to PLMI are lacking. Psychiatrists may serve as important points of access for PrEP prescription for PLMI. Methods: We conducted a vignette-based study of residents in psychiatry and family medicine (FM) to assess likelihood of prescribing PrEP and assumptions about the fictional patient. The patients’ psychiatric diagnosis was varied (schizophrenia on LAI or oral antipsychotic, bipolar disorder, major depression) or a control condition without a psychiatric diagnosis. Results: A total of 439 residents participated. We found high percentages of psychiatry (96.8%) and FM (97.4%) residents were aware of PrEP. High percentages of psychiatry (92.0-98.1%) and FM (80.8-100%) residents indicated that PrEP was indicated for all patient conditions. Family medicine residents were more likely to prescribe PrEP to all experimental conditions compared to psychiatry residents. There was no difference in likelihood of prescribing to the control condition without a psychiatric diagnosis. The belief that PrEP prescription was out of the scope of practice was greater among psychiatry residents. Conclusions: A majority of psychiatry residents responded that PrEP was indicated for an array of patients with psychiatric diagnoses. However, psychiatry residents were broadly less likely to prescribe PrEP to patients with these diagnoses. The high percentage of psychiatry residents who reported that PrEP was indicated for all patients suggests additional training is needed to facilitate PrEP prescription by psychiatrists. Copyright © 2024 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.
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108
CDC-Funded HIV Testing and Undiagnosed HIV Infection in Ending the HIV Epidemic in the U.S. Jurisdictions
Patel, Deesha; Williams, Weston O.; Wright, Carolyn; Essuon, Aba; Wang, Guoshen; Mulatu, Mesfin S.
Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 7.04.2024
Tilføjet 7.04.2024
Background: Approximately 13% of persons with HIV (PWH) are unaware of their status. To help end HIV, it is important to understand the relationship between the rates of HIV testing and undiagnosed HIV infection. Setting: Ending the HIV in the U.S. (EHE) jurisdictions Methods: Using 2021 data from the National HIV Surveillance System and the National HIV Prevention Program Monitoring and Evaluation system, we calculated estimated rates of undiagnosed HIV infections per 100,000 population and rates of CDC-funded HIV tests per 1,000 population. We assessed the association between the two rates using Spearman’s rank correlation. We also calculated a rank difference between the two rates for each EHE jurisdiction to help identify jurisdictions with greater unfilled needs for HIV testing. Results: Overall, CDC-funded HIV tests per 1,000 population were positively associated with estimated rate of undiagnosed HIV infection per 100,000 population (rho=0.55, p
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109
Public health surveillance through community health workers: a scoping review of evidence from 25 low-income and middle-income countries
Alhassan, J. A. K., Wills, O.
BMJ Open, 6.04.2024
Tilføjet 6.04.2024
BackgroundThe last 3 years have witnessed global health challenges, ranging from the pandemics of COVID-19 and mpox (monkeypox) to the Ebola epidemic in Uganda. Public health surveillance is critical for preventing these outbreaks, yet surveillance systems in resource-constrained contexts struggle to provide timely disease reporting. Although community health workers (CHWs) support health systems in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs), very little has been written about their role in supporting public health surveillance. This review identified the roles, impacts and challenges CHWs face in public health surveillance in 25 LMICs. MethodsWe conducted a scoping review guided by Arksey and O’Malley’s framework. We exported 1,156 peer-reviewed records from Embase, Global Health and PubMed databases. After multiple screenings, 29 articles were included in the final review. ResultsCHWs significantly contribute to public health surveillance in LMICs including through contact tracing and patient visitation to control major infectious diseases such as HIV/AIDS, malaria, tuberculosis, Ebola, neglected tropical diseases and COVID-19. Their public health surveillance roles typically fall into four main categories including community engagement; data gathering; screening, testing and treating; and health education and promotion. The use of CHWs in public health surveillance in LMICs has been impactful and often involves incorporation of various technologies leading to improved epidemic control and disease reporting. Nonetheless, use of CHWs can come with four main challenges including lack of education and training, lack of financial and other resources, logistical and infrastructural challenges as well as community engagement challenges. ConclusionCHWs are important stakeholders in surveillance because they are closer to communities than other healthcare workers. Further integration and training of CHWs in public health surveillance would improve public health surveillance because CHWs can provide health data on ‘hard-to-reach’ populations. CHWs’ work in public health surveillance would also be greatly enhanced by infrastructural investments.
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110
Comparative Efficacy and Safety of Pneumocystis jirovecii Pneumonia Prophylaxis Regimens for People with HIV: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
Connor Prosty, Khaled Katergi, Mark Sorin, Marianne Bou Rjeily, Guillaume Butler-Laporte, Emily G. McDonald, Todd C. Lee
Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 6.04.2024
Tilføjet 6.04.2024
Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PCP) is a common opportunistic infection among people living with HIV (PLWH), particularly among new and untreated cases. Several regimens are available for the prophylaxis of PCP including trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX), dapsone-based regimens (DBRs), aerosolized pentamidine (AP), and atovaquone.
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111
Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae rectal infections: Interplay between rectal microbiome, HPV infection and Torquetenovirus
Camilla Ceccarani, Valeria Gaspari, Sara Morselli, Marielle Ezekielle Djusse, Simona Venturoli, Tania Camboni, Marco Severgnini, Claudio Foschi, Clarissa Consolandi, Antonella Marangoni
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 5.04.2024
Tilføjet 5.04.2024
by Camilla Ceccarani, Valeria Gaspari, Sara Morselli, Marielle Ezekielle Djusse, Simona Venturoli, Tania Camboni, Marco Severgnini, Claudio Foschi, Clarissa Consolandi, Antonella Marangoni Men having sex with men (MSM) represent a key population, in which sexually transmitted rectal infections (STIs) caused by Chlamydia trachomatis (CT), Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG) and high-risk HPV (HR-HPV) are very common and linked to significant morbidity. Investigating the anorectal microbiome associated with rectal STIs holds potential for deeper insights into the pathogenesis of these infections and the development of innovative control strategies. In this study, we explored the interplay at the rectal site between C. trachomatis, N. gonorrhoeae, HR-HPV infection, and the anorectal microbiome in a cohort of 92 MSM (47 infected by CT and/or NG vs 45 controls). Moreover, we assessed the presence of Torquetenovirus (TTV), a non-pathogenic endogenous virus, considered as a possible predictor of immune system activation. We found a high prevalence of HR-HPV rectal infections (61%), especially in subjects with a concurrent CT/NG rectal infection (70.2%) and in people living with HIV (84%). In addition, we observed that TTV was more prevalent in subjects with CT/NG rectal infections than in non-infected ones (70.2% vs 46.7%, respectively). The anorectal microbiome of patients infected by CT and/or NG exhibited a reduction in Escherichia, while the presence of TTV was significantly associated with higher levels of Bacteroides. We observed a positive correlation of HR-HPV types with Escherichia and Corynebacterium, and a negative correlation with the Firmicutes phylum, and with Prevotella, Oscillospira, Sutterella. Our findings shed light on some of the dynamics occurring within the rectal environment involving chlamydial/gonococcal infections, HPV, TTV, and the anorectal microbiome. These data could open new perspectives for the control and prevention of STIs in MSM.
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112
Discovery of low‐molecular‐weight phenylalanine derivatives as novel HIV capsid modulators with improved antiretroviral activity and metabolic stability
Xiangyi Jiang, Zhen Gao, Prem Prakash Sharma, Sumit Kumar, Brijesh Rathi, Xiangkai Ji, Jiaojiao Dai, Minghui Xie, Guanyu Dong, Shujing Xu, Erik De Clercq, Christophe Pannecouque, Alexej Dick, Peng Zhan, Xinyong Liu
Journal of Medical Virology, 5.04.2024
Tilføjet 5.04.2024
113
Prevotella timonensis bacteria associated with vaginal dysbiosis enhance HIV-1 susceptibility of vaginal CD4+ T cells
Journal of Infectious Diseases, 5.04.2024
Tilføjet 5.04.2024
Abstract Dysbiosis of the vaginal microbiome poses a serious risk for sexual HIV-1 transmission. Prevotella spp. are abundant during vaginal dysbiosis and associated with enhanced HIV-1 susceptibility; however, underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we investigated the direct effect of vaginal bacteria on HIV-1 susceptibility of vaginal CD4+ T cells. Notably, pre-exposure to Prevotella timonensis enhanced HIV-1 uptake by vaginal T cells, leading to increased viral fusion and enhanced virus production. Pre-exposure to antiretroviral inhibitors abolished Prevotella timonensis-enhanced infection. Hence, our study shows that the vaginal microbiome directly affects mucosal CD4+ T cell susceptibility, emphasising importance of vaginal dysbiosis diagnosis and treatment.
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114
Clinical Predictors and Outcomes of Invasive Anal Cancer for People With Human Immunodeficiency Virus in an Inception Cohort
Clinical Infectious Diseases, 5.04.2024
Tilføjet 5.04.2024
Abstract Background Due to the heterogeneity of risk for invasive anal cancer (IAC) among people with human immunodeficiency virus (PWH), we investigated predictors of IAC and described outcomes among those with a cancer diagnosis.Methods Using a longitudinal inception cohort of anal cancer screening, we evaluated risk factors and outcome probabilities for incident IAC in Cox models. Screening included anal cytology and digital anorectal examination, and, if results of either were abnormal, high-resolution anoscopy.Results Between 30 November 2006 and 3 March 2021, a total of 8139 PWH received care at the University of California, San Diego, with 4105 individuals undergoing screening and subsequently followed up over a median of 5.5 years. Anal cancer developed in 33 of them. IAC was more likely to develop in patients with anal high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (aHSILs) on initial or subsequent follow-up cytology (hazard ratio, 4.54) and a nadir CD4 cell count ≤200/µL (2.99). The joint effect of aHSILs and nadir CD4 cell count ≤200/µL amplified the hazard of IAC by 9-fold compared with the absence of both. PWH with time-updated cytology aHSIL and CD4 cell counts ≤200/µL had 5- and 10-year probabilities of IAC of 3.40% and 4.27%, respectively. Twelve individuals with cancer died, 7 (21% of the total 33) due to cancer progression, and they had clinical stage IIIA or higher cancer at initial diagnosis.Conclusions PWH with both aHSIL and a nadir CD4 cell count ≤200/µL have the highest risk of IAC. PWH who died due to IAC progression had clinical stage IIIA cancer or higher at diagnosis, highlighting the importance of early diagnosis through high-resolution anoscopic screening.
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115
[Perspectives] Allan Maleche: legal advocate for health justice and human rights
Aarathi Prasad
Lancet, 5.04.2024
Tilføjet 5.04.2024
In 2007, Allan Maleche began working as a legal associate in Nairobi, Kenya. His first role was as research assistant on the case of a waitress tested for HIV without her consent by a hospital doctor who released her results to her employer, which resulted in the termination of her employment. The case compounded an interest in informed consent that had been building for the newly qualified Maleche during his undergraduate studies in law at the University of Nairobi, Kenya. This case highlighted “that there were so many legal and human rights issues, at a time when we had very few lawyers in Kenya who would touch work on HIV because HIV was still stigmatised, and not something people wanted to be associated with”, he explains.
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116
[Articles] Optimised prevention of postnatal HIV transmission in Zambia and Burkina Faso (PROMISE-EPI): a phase 3, open-label, randomised controlled trial
Chipepo Kankasa, Anaïs Mennecier, Beninwendé L D Sakana, Jean-Pierre Molès, Mwiya Mwiya, Catherine Chunda-Liyoka, Morgana D'Ottavi, Souleymane Tassembedo, Maria M Wilfred-Tonga, Paulin Fao, David Rutagwera, Beauty Matoka, Dramane Kania, Ousmane A Taofiki, Thorkild Tylleskär, Philippe Van de Perre, Nicolas Nagot, PROMISE-EPI Trial Group
Lancet, 5.04.2024
Tilføjet 5.04.2024
Our intervention, initiated at EPI-2 and based on extended single-drug postnatal prophylaxis guided by point-of-care maternal viral load could be an important strategy for paediatric HIV elimination.
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117
The changing meaning of “no” in Canadian sex work
Lynn Kennedy
PLoS One Infectious Diseases, 4.04.2024
Tilføjet 4.04.2024
by Lynn Kennedy With the migration of sex workers to online advertising in Canada, a substantial body of research has emerged on how they communicate with prospective clients. However, given the enormous quantity of archival material available, finding representative ways to identify what sex workers say is a difficult task. Numerical analysis of commonly used phrases allows for the analysis of large numbers of documents potentially identifying themes that may be missed using other techniques. This study considers how Canadian sex workers communicate by examining how the word “no” was used by online advertisers over a 15-year period. Source materials consisted of three collections of online classified advertising containing over 4.2 million ads collected between 2007 and 2022 representing 214456 advertisers. Advertisers and demographic variables were extracted from ad metadata. Common terms surrounding the word “no” were used to identify themes. The word “no” was used by 115127 advertisers. Five major themes were identified: client reassurance (54084 advertisers), communication (47130 advertisers), client race (32612 advertisers), client behavior (23863 advertisers), and service restrictions (8545 advertisers). The probability of there being an association between an advertiser and a major theme was found to vary in response to several variables, including: time period, region, advertiser gender, and advertiser ethnicity. Results are compared with previous work on race and risk messaging in sex work advertising and factors influencing client race restrictions are considered. Over time, the restriction related themes of client behavior, service restrictions, and client race became more prominent. Collectives, multi-regional, cis-female, and Black or Mixed ancestry advertisers were more likely to use restrictions.
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118
Twice-Daily Dolutegravir Based Antiretroviral Therapy with One Month of Daily Rifapentine and Isoniazid (1HP) for TB Prevention
Clinical Infectious Diseases, 4.04.2024
Tilføjet 4.04.2024
Abstract Background One month of daily rifapentine + isoniazid (1HP) is an effective, ultrashort option for TB prevention in people with HIV (PWH). However, rifapentine may decrease antiretroviral drug concentrations and increase the risk of virologic failure. ACTG A5372 evaluated the effect of 1HP on the pharmacokinetics of twice daily dolutegravir.Methods A5372 was a multicenter, pharmacokinetic study in PWH (≥18 years) already on dolutegravir-containing antiretroviral therapy with HIV RNA
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119
Tuberculosis disease in immunocompromised children and adolescents: a pTBnet multi-centre case-control study
Clinical Infectious Diseases, 4.04.2024
Tilføjet 4.04.2024
Abstract Background In high-resource settings the survival of immunocompromised (IC) children has increased and immunosuppressive therapies are increasingly being used. This study aimed to determine the clinical characteristics, performance of diagnostic tools and outcome of IC children with TB in Europe.Methods Multicentre, matched case-control study within the Paediatric Tuberculosis Network European Trials Group (ptbnet), capturing TB cases
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120
Emergence of acquired dolutegravir resistance in treatment-experienced people with HIV in Lesotho
Clinical Infectious Diseases, 4.04.2024
Tilføjet 4.04.2024
Abstract Background Since 2019, the World Health Organization has recommended dolutegravir-based antiretroviral therapy (ART) as the preferred regimen for HIV management. Large-scale programmatic transitioning to dolutegravir-based ART was subsequently implemented across Africa, often in the absence of recent viral load testing and without access to genotypic resistance testing (GRT) in case of viremia.Methods This study assessed for emerging dolutegravir resistance in the routine care Viral Load Cohort North-East Lesotho (VICONEL). We included pediatric and adult participants who changed from non-nucleoside transcriptase inhibitor- (NNRTI-) to dolutegravir-based ART and had at least one viral load assessment before and after the change. We sequenced available samples of participants fulfilling the additional virological criteria of having two viraemic episodes while taking dolutegravir, thereof at least one viral load ≥500 copies/mL taken ≥18 months after changing to dolutegravir.Results Among 15’349 participants, 157 (1.0%) met the virological criteria and GRT was successful for 85 (0.6%). Among these 85, eight (9.4%) had dolutegravir resistance, with two (2.4%) and six (7.1%) predicted to have intermediate and high-level dolutegravir resistance, respectively. One participant had two, two had one, and five had zero active drugs in their regimen. A GRT from before the change to dolutegravir is available for five of these eight participants: four had zero and one had one active drug in their NNRTI-based regimen.Conclusions Nine percent of people with persistent or recurring HIV viremia ≥18 months after changing to dolutegravir-based ART had dolutegravir resistance. Detection and management of emerging dolutegravir resistance must be addressed across Africa.
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121
Trends in immunological markers of transfusion transmissible infections among blood donors in Mamfe District Hospital, Southwest Cameroon
BMC Infectious Diseases, 4.04.2024
Tilføjet 4.04.2024
Abstract Background Blood transfusion is associated with exposure to blood Transfusion Transmissible Infection (TTIs). The threat posed by the blood-borne pathogens is disproportionately distributed in different healthcare facilities in Cameroon. Thus, there is a need for continuous surveillance of TTIs in the country. This study aimed to assess the screening procedure for blood transfusion and determine the trend in immunological markers of TTIs among blood donors at the Mamfe District Hospital. Methods A prospective descriptive, cross-sectional and analytical study was conducted at Mamfe District Hospital from March to May 2022. A total of 165 blood donors were recruited by the consecutive sampling method. Donors were screened using both Rapid diagnostic tests,T. pallidum haemagglutination test and indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection of TTIs. Data generated was entered into an Excel spreadsheet and analysed using the statistical software R, version 4.2.0. Statistical analysis included descriptive statistics of percentages, means ± standard deviation, and student t-test was used to compare both diagnostic techniques, and was considered significant when p
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122
The plasma kynurenine-to-tryptophan ratio as a biomarker of tuberculosis disease in people living with HIV on antiretroviral therapy: an exploratory nested case–control study
BMC Infectious Diseases, 4.04.2024
Tilføjet 4.04.2024
Abstract Background Non-sputum-based tests are needed to predict or diagnose tuberculosis (TB) disease in people living with HIV (PWH). The enzyme indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase-1 (IDO1) is expressed in tuberculoid granuloma and catabolizes tryptophan (Trp) to kynurenine (Kyn). IDO1 activity compromises innate and adaptive immune responses, promoting mycobacterial survival. The plasma Kyn-to-Trp (K/T) ratio is a potential TB diagnostic and/or predictive biomarker in PWH on long-term antiretroviral therapy (ART). Methods We compared plasma K/T ratios in samples from PWH, who were followed up prospectively and developed TB disease after ART initiation. Controls were matched for age and duration of ART. Kyn and Trp were measured at 3 timepoints; at TB diagnosis, 6 months before TB diagnosis and 6 months after TB diagnosis, using ultra performance liquid chromatography combined with mass spectrometry. Results The K/T ratios were higher for patients with TB disease at time of diagnosis (median, 0.086; IQR, 0.069–0.123) compared to controls (0.055; IQR 0.045–0.064; p = 0.006), but not before or after TB diagnosis. K/T ratios significantly declined after successful TB treatment, but increased upon treatment failure. The K/T ratios showed a parabolic correlation with CD4 cell counts in participants with TB (p = 0.005), but there was no correlation in controls. Conclusions The plasma K/T ratio helped identify TB disease and may serve as an adjunctive biomarker for for monitoring TB treatment in PWH. Validation studies to ascertain these findings and evaluate the optimum cut-off for diagnosis of TB disease in PWH should be undertaken in well-designed prospective cohorts. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00411983.
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123
Accuracy of and preferences for blood-based versus oral-fluid-based HIV self-testing in Malawi: a cross-sectional study
BMC Infectious Diseases, 4.04.2024
Tilføjet 4.04.2024
Abstract Background HIV self-testing (HIVST) can use either oral-fluid or blood-based tests. Studies have shown strong preferences for self-testing compared to facility-based services. Despite availability of low-cost blood-based HIVST options, to date, HIVST implementation in sub-Saharan Africa has largely been oral-fluid-based. We investigated whether users preferred blood-based (i.e. using blood sample derived from a finger prick) or oral fluid-based HIVST in rural and urban Malawi. Methods At clinics providing HIV testing services (n = 2 urban; n = 2 rural), participants completed a semi-structured questionnaire capturing sociodemographic data before choosing to test using oral-fluid-based HVST, blood-based HIVST or provider-delivered testing. They also completed a self-administered questionnaire afterwards, followed by a confirmatory test using the national algorithm then appropriate referral. We used simple and multivariable logistic regression to identify factors associated with preference for oral-fluid or blood-based HIVST. Results July to October 2018, N = 691 participants enrolled in this study. Given the choice, 98.4% (680/691) selected HIVST over provider-delivered testing. Of 680 opting for HIVST, 416 (61.2%) chose oral-fluid-based HIVST, 264 (38.8%) chose blood-based HIVST and 99.1% (674/680) reported their results appropriately. Self-testers who opted for blood-based HIVST were more likely to be male (50.3% men vs. 29.6% women, p
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124
Global stability for age-infection-structured human immunodeficiency virus model with heterogeneous transmission
Infectious Disease Modelling, 8.02.2024
Tilføjet 8.02.2024
Publication date: Available online 7 February 2024 Source: Infectious Disease Modelling Author(s): Juping Zhang, Linlin Wang, Zhen Jin
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125
Increasing age and duration of sex work among female sex workers in South Africa and implications for HIV incidence estimation: Bayesian evidence synthesis and simulation exercise
Infectious Disease Modelling, 23.01.2024
Tilføjet 23.01.2024
Publication date: Available online 23 January 2024 Source: Infectious Disease Modelling Author(s): Nanina Anderegg, Mariette Slabbert, Kholi Buthelezi, Leigh F. Johnson
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126
Dynamics of a two-group model for assessing the impacts of pre-exposure prophylaxis, testing and risk behaviour change on the spread and control of HIV/AIDS in an MSM population
Infectious Disease Modelling, 21.11.2023
Tilføjet 21.11.2023
Publication date: Available online 20 November 2023 Source: Infectious Disease Modelling Author(s): Queen Tollett, Salman Safdar, Abba B. Gumel
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127
Analysis of the impacts of treatments in a HIV/AIDS and Tuberculosis co-infected population under random perturbations
Infectious Disease Modelling, 16.11.2023
Tilføjet 16.11.2023
Publication date: Available online 15 November 2023 Source: Infectious Disease Modelling Author(s): Olusegun Michael Otunuga
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128
Optimal therapy for HIV infection containment and virions inhibition
Infectious Disease Modelling, 15.11.2023
Tilføjet 15.11.2023
Publication date: Available online 14 November 2023 Source: Infectious Disease Modelling Author(s): Paolo Di Giamberardino, Daniela Iacoviello, Muhammad Zubair
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129
Impact of differentiated service delivery models on retention in HIV care and viral suppression among people living with HIV in sub‐Saharan Africa: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomised controlled trials
George M. Bwire; Belinda J. Njiro; Harieth P. Ndumwa; Castory G. Munishi; Bonaventura C. Mpondo; Mathew Mganga; Emmanuel Mang'ombe; Muhammad Bakari; Raphael Z. Sangeda; Christopher R. Sudfeld; Japthet Killewo;
Reviews in Medical Virology, 11.11.2023
Tilføjet 11.11.2023
Differentiated service delivery (DSD) models, such as adherence clubs (ACs), are client‐centred approaches where clinically stable people living with HIV (PLHIV) meet to receive various services, including psychosocial support, brief symptoms screening, and refills of antiretroviral medications, among others. We conducted a review to assess the impact of DSD models, including ACs, on sustaining retention in care (RC) and achieving viral suppression (VS) among PLHIV in sub‐Saharan Africa. The review protocol was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42023418988). We searched the literature from PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase and Google Scholar from their inception through May 2023. Eligible randomised controlled trials of adherence clubs were reviewed to assess impact on retention and viral suppression. Random effect models were used to estimate the risk ratios (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). The literature search yielded a total of 1596 records of which 16 randomised clinical trials were determined to be eligible. The trials were conducted in diverse populations among adults and children with a total of 13,886 participants. The RR between any DSD models and standard of care (SoC) was 1.09 (95% CI: 1.08–1.11, : 0%, :
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130
Modulation of various host cellular machinery during COVID‐19 infection
Shivani Malvankar; Anjali Singh; Y. S. Ravi Kumar; Swetangini Sahu; Megha Shah; Yamini Murghai; Mahendra Seervi; Rupesh K. Srivastava; Bhupendra Verma;
Reviews in Medical Virology, 11.11.2023
Tilføjet 11.11.2023
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV2) emerged in December 2019, causing a range of respiratory infections from mild to severe. This resulted in the ongoing global COVID‐19 pandemic, which has had a significant impact on public health. The World Health Organization declared COVID‐19 as a global pandemic in March 2020. Viruses are intracellular pathogens that rely on the host\'s machinery to establish a successful infection. They exploit the gene expression machinery of host cells to facilitate their own replication. Gaining a better understanding of gene expression modulation in SARS‐CoV2 is crucial for designing and developing effective antiviral strategies. Efforts are currently underway to understand the molecular‐level interaction between the host and the pathogen. In this review, we describe how SARS‐CoV2 infection modulates gene expression by interfering with cellular processes, including transcription, post‐transcription, translation, post‐translation, epigenetic modifications as well as processing and degradation pathways. Additionally, we emphasise the therapeutic implications of these findings in the development of new therapies to treat SARS‐CoV2 infection.
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131
Human immunodeficiency virus transmission—Mechanisms underlying the cell‐to‐cell spread of human immunodeficiency virus
Marta Calado; David Pires; Carolina Conceição; Quirina Santos‐Costa; Elsa Anes; José Miguel Azevedo‐Pereira;
Reviews in Medical Virology, 11.11.2023
Tilføjet 11.11.2023
Despite the success of combined antiretroviral therapy in controlling viral load and reducing the risk of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission, an estimated 1.5 million new infections occurred worldwide in 2021. These new infections are mainly the result of sexual intercourse and thus involve cells present on the genital mucosa, such as dendritic cells (DCs), macrophages (Mø) and CD4+ T lymphocytes. Understanding the mechanisms by which HIV interacts with these cells and how HIV exploits these interactions to establish infection in a new human host is critical to the development of strategies to prevent and control HIV transmission. In this review, we explore how HIV has evolved to manipulate some of the physiological roles of these cells, thereby gaining access to strategic cellular niches that are critical for the spread and pathogenesis of HIV infection. The interaction of HIV with DCs, Mø and CD4+ T lymphocytes, and the role of the intercellular transfer of viral particles through the establishment of the infectious or virological synapses, but also through membrane protrusions such as filopodia and tunnelling nanotubes (TNTs), and cell fusion or cell engulfment processes are presented and discussed.
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132
Single-cell epigenetic, transcriptional, and protein profiling of latent and active HIV-1 reservoir revealed that IKZF3 promotes HIV-1 persistence
Immunity, 4.11.2023
Tilføjet 4.11.2023
Publication date: Available online 2 November 2023 Source: Immunity Author(s): Yulong Wei, Timothy C. Davenport, Jack A. Collora, Haocong Katherine Ma, Delia Pinto-Santini, Javier Lama, Ricardo Alfaro, Ann Duerr, Ya-Chi Ho
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133
Virus infection participates in the occurrence and development of human diseases through monoamine oxidase
Yujie Sun; Wen Liu; Bing Luo;
Reviews in Medical Virology, 8.09.2023
Tilføjet 8.09.2023
Monoamine oxidase (MAO) is a membrane‐bound mitochondrial enzyme that maintains the steady state of neurotransmitters and other biogenic amines in biological systems through catalytic oxidation and deamination. MAO dysfunction is closely related to human neurological and psychiatric diseases and cancers. However, little is known about the relationship between MAO and viral infections in humans. This review summarises current research on how viral infections participate in the occurrence and development of human diseases through MAO. The viruses discussed in this review include hepatitis C virus, dengue virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, human immunodeficiency virus, Japanese encephalitis virus, Epstein‐Barr virus, and human papillomavirus. This review also describes the effects of MAO inhibitors such as phenelzine, clorgyline, selegiline, M‐30, and isatin on viral infectious diseases. This information will not only help us to better understand the role of MAO in the pathogenesis of viruses but will also provide new insights into the treatment and diagnosis of these viral diseases.
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134
A systematic review on the molecular and clinical association between Human Papillomavirus and Human Immunodeficiency Virus co‐infection in Head, Neck and Oral squamous cell carcinoma
Shreya Chakraborty; Kanagavalli Ramasubbu; Manosi Banerjee; Menaka Priya Balaji; Yamini Vinayagam; Devi Rajeswari V;
Reviews in Medical Virology, 8.09.2023
Tilføjet 8.09.2023
Head and neck cancer, one of the most commonly prevalent malignancies globally is a complex category of tumours that comprises cancers of the oral cavity, pharynx, and larynx. A specific subgroup of such cancers has been found with some unique chromosomal, therapeutic, and epidemiologic traits with the possibility of affecting via co‐infection. About 25% of all head and neck cancers in the population are human papillomavirus infection (HPV)‐associated, typically developing in the oropharynx, which comprises the tonsils. In the period of efficient combined antiviral treatment, HPV‐positive oral cancers are also becoming a significant contributor to illness and fatality for Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)‐infected persons. Although the prevalence and historical background of oral HPV transmission are not thoroughly understood, it seems likely that oral HPV transmission is relatively frequent in HIV‐infected people when compared to the overall population. Therefore, there is a need to understand the mechanisms leading to this co‐infection, as there is very little research related to that. Hence, this study mainly focus on the therapeutical and biomedical analysis of HPV and HIV co‐infection in the above‐mentioned cancer, including oral squamous cell carcinoma.
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135
Heavy-chain CDR3-engineered B cells facilitate in vivo evaluation of HIV-1 vaccine candidates
Immunity, 2.08.2023
Tilføjet 2.08.2023
Publication date: Available online 1 August 2023 Source: Immunity Author(s): Wenhui He, Tianling Ou, Nickolas Skamangas, Charles C. Bailey, Naomi Bronkema, Yan Guo, Yiming Yin, Valerie Kobzarenko, Xia Zhang, Andi Pan, Xin Liu, Jinge Xu, Lizhou Zhang, Ava E. Allwardt, Debasis Mitra, Brian Quinlan, Rogier W. Sanders, Hyeryun Choe, Michael Farzan
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136
Humoral immune response to two doses of COVID‐19 mRNA‐based vaccines in people living with HIV: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Negin Farhadian; Sara Sharifi; Mahdi Taghadosi; Maryam Farhadian; Siavash Vaziri;
Reviews in Medical Virology, 10.07.2023
Tilføjet 10.07.2023
People living with HIV (PLWH) are susceptible to severe COVID‐19 infection and hence this fragile population has prioritised vaccination. This systematic review and meta‐analysis aimed to assess the humoral immune response after receiving two doses schedule of COVID‐19 mRNA vaccinations in this high‐risk population. A systematic electronic search on the PubMed database and manual searches were performed for relevant articles until 30 Sep 2022. Two outcomes of interest were seroconversion rates and anti‐spike receptor binding domain (anti‐S‐RBD) antibody titres at the median time of 14–35 days following two‐dose vaccination among PLWH. Nineteen cohorts and one cross‐sectional study were eligible for inclusion in this study. The pooled estimate of seroconversion rate after receiving two doses of mRNA vaccination schedule were 98.4% and 75.2% among PLWH with CD4>500 cells/mm and CD4500 cells/mm had a 51% likelihood of having positive anti‐Spike‐RBD immunoglobulin G (IgG) (OR: 0.509, 95% CI: 0.228, 1.133, = 0.098) post‐vaccination and this value was only 1.4% (OR: 0.014, 95% CI: 0.002, 0.078, = 0.000) for PLWH with CD4500 cells/mm and healthy controls ( = 0.06). The pooled median of anti‐S‐RBD IgG values were 1461.93 binding antibody units (BAU)/ml and 457.41 BAU/ml in PLWH with CD4>500 cells/mm and CD4
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137
Efficacy and safety of long‐acting cabotegravir versus oral tenofovir disoproxil fumarate‐emtricitabine as HIV pre‐exposure prophylaxis: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Xiu Chen; Jun Li; Liqiu Kou; Xiaolu Xie; Deqing Wei; Yaling Li;
Reviews in Medical Virology, 10.07.2023
Tilføjet 10.07.2023
WHO guidelines recommend daily oral tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) and emtricitabine (FTC) for pre‐exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) of HIV in people at high risk of HIV infection. However, due to social, psychological and other reasons, the compliance with daily oral TDF‐FTC in real life is low. Long‐acting cabotegravir is currently the only long‐acting drug approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for HIV PrEP. Due to the long dosing interval (8 weeks), long‐acting cabotegravir has low compliance requirements for people at high risk of HIV infection. We aimed to discuss the feasibility of long‐acting cabotegravir to replace TDF‐FTC as HIV PrEP based on efficacy and safety analyses. Randomized controlled trials were retrieved, and R software was used for meta‐analysis after data extraction. and discussion: Results of the meta‐analysis showed that compared with TDF‐FTC, long‐acting cabotegravir was associated with a lower risk of HIV infection (HR = 0.22, 95% CI: 0.08–0.59,
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138
Site-specific development and progressive maturation of human tissue-resident memory T cells over infancy and childhood
Immunity, 8.07.2023
Tilføjet 8.07.2023
Publication date: Available online 7 July 2023 Source: Immunity Author(s): Thomas J. Connors, Rei Matsumoto, Shivali Verma, Peter A. Szabo, Rebecca Guyer, Joshua Gray, Zicheng Wang, Puspa Thapa, Pranay Dogra, Maya M.L. Poon, Ksenia Rybkina, Marissa C. Bradley, Emma Idzikowski, James McNichols, Masaru Kubota, Kalpana Pethe, Yufeng Shen, Mark A. Atkinson, Maigan Brusko, Todd M. Brusko
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